John Peter Zenger

May 31st, 2010 by Andrew

John Peter Zenger was a newspaper editor who waged and won in important battle for freedom of the press in America. He criticized the policies of the British governor, and as a result, he was shared with criminal libel. When Zenger's lawyers were disbarred >y the governor, Andrew Hamilton defended him, convincing the july that Zenger's criticisms were true. Therefore, the statements were not libelous.

Posted in : Others

Summary

May 29th, 2010 by Andrew

You should not discourage yourself from becoming a top studi in your class. Even a student of average intelligence can be a 1 student without additional work. The following six steps will help > achieve this goal: First of all. make a schedule, which will help y make good use of your time. Secondly- find a good place where y can study without any distractions so that you can concentrate what you are studying. Thirdly, skimming and skipping will improve your reading speed as well as your reading comprehension. Fourth! make good use of your time in class, which will mean less work . Fifthly, review your notes as soon as possible after class, make sure you understand the main points of what your teacher sail And finally, develop a good attitude about tests, through which yi can make your new knowledge permanent. There may be other study.

Posted in : Others

Real Crisis of Confidence

May 28th, 2010 by Andrew

I kit the biggest domino' is Brazil, where government bonds have plummeted'' in weeks because of fears of a government default1 on its debt.

The Brazilian currency, the real • this month alone dropped 19% against the dollar. Brazil is coming under1' pressure even though its president. Fernando Cardoso, has been praised by the IMF for having brought economic stability after years of boom and bust'. Under Mr. Cardoso, inflation has been tamed, while reforms have led to privatisation and more open markets.

But Brazil is vulnerable" because of its huge debt, so any economic pressure that makes it difficult to service9 debt payments is a cause for worry. The criers in Argentina has hurt Brazil because of a decline in trade between the two countries. As the Argentinian middle class sinks into poverty, demand for goods, domestic and international, has inevitably shrunk; the loss of an important market has hurt Brazilian exports.

Even more nerve-wracking1" for the markets is the prospect of a leftwing victory in the October presidential elections. " A recent poll surprised the markets by showing the two left candidates, "Lula" da Silva and Giro Gomes running ahead of Mr. Cardoso's anointed12 heir1'', the former health minister. Jose Serra. Investors fear that either of these two will reverse the market-friendly policies of recent years.

The other cause for concern is uncertainty over whether the IMF will extend its current programme for Brazil that would include postponement of payments to the fund from 2003 to 200 1 and an increase in amounts Brazil can borrow. "

The gaffe-prone1' U. S. Treasury Secretary. Paul O'Neill, did not ease market concern this week when lie urged Brazil to pursue sound policies "so that does some good and doesn't just go out of the country to Swiss bank accounts. "

The best thing to shore up'1' confidence1 of the region would be for the IMF to announce a new deal with Brazil. Indeed. Brazil's bonds soared today, extending gains that began in New York yesterday in expectation of an agreement in the talks that began in Washington this week.

Analysts are surprisingly confident that repercussions1' from Argentina will be contained and that contagion1* will not spread as it did like a bush fire in Asia in 1997. They believe that contagion is limited as most foreign investors have been switching to U. S. corporate bonds, which offer more security, out of emerging11' markets like Brazil.

Let us hope that the analysts are right, because they certainly did not see the Asian financial crisis coming or spreading so fast,

Posted in : Others

Beauty and Success

May 27th, 2010 by Andrew

Beauty has always been regarded as something praise-worthy. ] Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. 2 Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants- But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.''

Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.

Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. '

All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.

Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones.'' Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required.

This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.

The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.

Posted in : Others

To Convince

May 26th, 2010 by Andrew

Once you have obtained your reader's attention and developed it into interest and desire, you proceed to present your product or service as fulfilling his desire better than any others'. You would point out and stress all the benefits that your product can offer.

Analyze your product carefully to determine your strongest psychological selling points. (Psychological selling simply means stressing a product's benefits rather than its physical features.) Select the most important psychological selling point about your product or service, and build your sales message around it. Show how your product or service will make your reader's job easier, increase his status, make personal life more pleasant, and so on. In other words, you should show how your product or service can satisfy the needs or desire identified at the beginning of your sales message. Remember to describe the physical features of your product in terms of their benefits to your reader. Help him imagine himself using your product or service — and enjoying the satisfaction of doing so. The following sample is a good illustration.

Posted in : Others

Diversity of Marine Life

May 25th, 2010 by Andrew

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being1. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in inns of richness of

life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature- the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way ol truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 limes greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in dust one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be injects and to share similar with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes" are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.

To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus as¬ sorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

Posted in : Others

Advertisements

May 24th, 2010 by Andrew

In the past, advertisements emphasized fussing about the product. The new advertising strategy looks to flattering the customer, giving rise to customer-centered advertisement. The practice of making "consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad" mirrors nicely this new spirit and strategy, and constitutes the first lesson that must be learned by anyone who is going into the trade of advertising.

This lesson teaches that the key to properly wording your ad is not knowing about the product: what material it is made of, how long it will last, and how much money it saves to buy it. It is, rather, knowing the would-be customer in such a way that you can tell: 1) generally what that person is, and 2) specifically what that person is especially vain about.

According to this lesson, never try to make your ad comprehensive and all-purpose. Instead, with your ad address only a small "group" of people-your narrowly targeted would-be customers. Are you advertising for shoes? Well, there's no such thing as shoes for everyone's feet, but shoes for schoolboys or young men or old men. And there's no such thing as shoes for every old man, but shoes for this or that type of old men. Target just this small group of old men. Are you advertising for something that can make a woman's face look lovelier? Target those women who think they have got such faces, or can manage to have them.

Thus with one ad you address those old men who are weak to the very bone of their feet, seldom walk presently , but desire to be able to walk like their grandchildren. Having benefited from that first lesson, you know how to make them want to buy your shoes: in your ad let appear a famous old man who is 90 years old but is still climbing big mountains. With another ad you appeal to young women who desire nothing except being regarded as pretty. There is nothing so easy as handling these people: let your product be related to a pretty woman famous or known to no one, but looking so much prettier due to that product.

Looking shallow, this practice isn't dirty, but is in fact noble, because it represents a compliment that is healthy in itself and welcome to every person. That is, with an ad where there is a healthy old man, you are as a matter of fact speaking to the many old men; I wish you good feet! In a similar way you speak to women: I wish you good face! And so on. These are the very things these people have been waiting to be blessed with. Now you hint to them that, "like" the person in the ad, they, too, can have those things the moment they get those products.

I might call this practice a lot of good names, from "wise" to "humanistic. " But, commercially, I would rather call it the golden rule of selling; when you sell with goodwill, you always get your things sold, for this simple reason; when people (your customers) feel better about themselves, they think less about their money.

Posted in : Others

Transcript

May 22nd, 2010 by Andrew

Transcription of Marks Obtained by Student of Applied English in

Qingdao University

Name: Ju Zhi Sex: male

Birth Date: October 21, 1972

Duration at School; from September, 1990 to July, 1992

Date of Graduation: July, 1992

Number of his Diploma i No. 120

His Marks of Grade One and Grade Two

Grade One Grade Two

Political Education A A

Physical Education B B

Intensive Reading A B

Extensive Reading B A

Speaking B C

Listening A B

Negotiation English C

Foreign Trade Letters B

Foreign Trade Affairs B

International Finance A

Computer Application B

B B B

English Grammar English Writing

Survey of Britain and America English typing

B

Qingdao University

(Seal) August 15, 1992

Posted in : Others

The Lantern Festival

May 21st, 2010 by Andrew

The Lantern Festival occurs on the 15th day of the first lunar month when a full moon provides enough light for the various ceremonies and activities traditionally held throughout China. Customarily family members reunite for a meal of yuanxiao , round , sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour served in soup, which symbolize a wish for the family's happiness and good luck all year.

Custom dictates that the holiday is enlivened with lanterns hung throughout the house, lantern shows, yangko (a popular rural folk dance), stilt walkers and dragon dances. The history of this merriment dates back 1 , 900 years to the Han Dynasty. Since then various activities, such as lantern shows, fairs, and evening parties to guess riddles related to lanterns, have been organized in different parts of China.

The lanterns usually are made of thin bamboo strips, straw, rattan, metal or animal horns and are covered with red paper or gauze. They come in various shapes and sizes. Some are classified as palace lanterns while others are revolving lanterns that feature fables or pictures of animals. Now technology and electronics are being used in festival lanterns, and neon lights side by side with traditional Chinese paper lanterns add more festivity to the holiday for both urban and rural dwellers.

Stilt walking, a recreational activity in rural areas, combines dances, drama and physical agility. Chinese stilts are usually 20 to 90 centimeters high. Using various props, performers play folk heroes or roles from popular dramas.

Yangko is a very common folk dance among Chinese in northern China. A yangko can be performed by two or three people who re-create a simple story line, or by several dozen dancers who act out complicated dramas. A performer's sense of humor, plus colorful props such as colored ribbons, paper fans, or handkerchiefs makes a yangko a unique cultural celebration, especially when it is combined with stilt walkers and dragon dances.

The Lantern Festival is one of the most exciting festivals in China.

Posted in : Others

Eye Contact

May 20th, 2010 by Andrew

In most cultures superiors are freer to look at subordinates than the other way around. Eye contact therefore also is related to power and perceived power. If Alberto looks directly at his employee John, he indicates that he has a right to do so. If John lowers his eyes when Alberto looks at him, he may be indicating that he accepts his subordinate position. Of course, eye contact is only one aspect of showing power. Traditionally, men can look more at women than women can look at men. In the United States, for example, "ogling," looking at the other sex, may be interpreted as a form of sexual harassment and may even have legal consequences. Eye contact, as a result, is becoming complicated in that culture. European women sometimes comment that men from the United States are cold and don't know how to flirt, the innocent game of looking and establishing eye contact. At the same time women from the United States who visit Southern European countries are often uncomfortable when men look at them. The looking is interpreted as offensive staring.

Rules governing eye contact are different in different cultures, and that difference can make people feel uncomfortable without being aware of why they are uncomfortable. In the United States it is customary to look at the speaker's mouth when listening but make intermittent eye contact with the eyes of a listener when speaking. In China it is the opposite: A speaker rivets the listener with sustained, unbroken eye contact, but a listener does not make eye contact or look at the speaker's face consistently.

Since several cultures consider the eye to be "the window of the soul," eye contact or its lack is interpreted to have special meaning. In these cultures eye contact is related to honesty. In other cultures eye contact is seen as an invasion of privacy.

Eye Contact as a Sign of Honesty

"He couldn't even look me in the eye" is a common phrase that in Western cultures indicates that the speaker had something to hide. In North American and Northern

European cultures eye contact shows openness, trustworthiness, and integrity. One doesn't have anything to hide. If a woman from the United States looks directly at^ someone, she allows that person to see her eyes and decide whether she is trustworthy. Someone who does not make eye contact is considered shifty and makes the listener suspicious. In that case, the defenses go up and one becomes more careful. People from all cultures carry their cultural attitudes toward eye contact with them, and like most aspects of nonverbal behavior, eye contact does not travel easily across cultural boundaries. In most cases we don't consciously think of eye contact; we do it subconsciously. As a result, habits relating to eye contact are difficult to change.

Arab cultures, even more than Western cultures, use very intense eye contact and concentrate on eye movement to read real intentions. The feeling is that the eye does not lie. To see the eye more clearly, Arabs move closer, and that makes non-Arabs uncomfortable. This links eye contact to the use of space. As we will see throughout this chapter, nonverbal communication signals are linked.

A person from Japan, for example, would feel uncomfortable both with the intense eye contact and with the close physical proximity. That person will feel even more uncomfortable if the Arab, in addition to making close eye contact and standing very close to the listener, touches the listener. In this case the Arab is sending three very strong nonverbal signals, all of which run counter to what is acceptable nonverbal behavior in Japan.

In many cases an Arab speaker may not want to disclose his innermost feelings, yet because of the culture, he cannot refuse eye contact. Therefore, he may look for other means to protect his feelings and intentions. Some people say that the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, for example, always used to wear sunglasses so that the people he was talking to could not follow the movement of his eyes. They argued that the sunglasses were an attempt to hide his true intentions and motives.

Eye Contact as a Sign of Invasion of Privacy

To look someone in the eye in Japan is to invade that person's space. It is rude. When samurai held power, a strict code of behavior was enforced regarding who could look at whom and for how long one could look, and one violated those codes at one's peril. This has carried over into modern society. The Japanese may sit close together in an office, but they seldom look each other in the eye.

The Japanese feel uncomfortable with direct eye contact, and they want to avoid it.

In addition, not looking someone in the eye preserves that person's private space or bubble. In a crowded country the preservation of privacy by any means is considered important. When greeting someone, one bows and looks past the other person. If you do not want to acknowledge a person at all, for example, if you are concentrating on something important and don't want to lose your focus, you may simply look down as you walk past the other person. What could be seen as a slight or insult in Western countries would simply be a signal that you do not want to be interrupted. The degree of American eye contact would be considered staring and rude in the Japanese environment. Even on the crowded subways and trains nobody makes eye contact. People look past each other.

Posted in : Others